Estimates of incidence are approximately 1 in 3,000 in populations of northern European origin, with reduced frequencies in other regions ( 115). The bold challenges for the future are to integrate the findings into our understanding of CF pathogenesis and to use the knowledge to develop novel therapies.Ĭystic fibrosis (CF OMIM 219700) is one of the most commonly studied and referenced monogenic, recessive diseases in human genetics and is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene ( CFTR). A multifaceted approach involving candidate gene studies, genome-wide association studies, and gene expression studies has revealed significant gene modifiers for multiple CF phenotypes. The non- CFTR genetic components (gene modifiers) that contribute to variation in phenotype are the focus of this review.
Along this path was the recognition that not all CFTR gene mutations produce the same disease and the recognition of the complex, multifactorial nature of CF genotype–phenotype relationships. From recognition of the condition as a heritable pathological entity to implementation of personalized treatments based on genetic findings, this multistep pathway of progress has focused on the genetic underpinnings of CF clinical disease. In many respects, genetic studies in cystic fibrosis (CF) serve as a paradigm for a human Mendelian genetic success story.
